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For these birds, there is documented evidence of homosexual or transgender behavior of one or more of the following kinds: sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting, as noted in researcher and author Bruce Bagemihl's 1999 book ''Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity''. Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not 'officially' observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to possible observer bias caused by social attitudes towards LGBT people.〔Bagemihl (1999)〕〔News-medical.net (2006)〕 Bagemihl devotes three chapters; ''Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife'', ''Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality'' and ''Not For Breeding Only'' in his 1999 book ''Biological Exuberance'' to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the ''present ignorance'' of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) "explanations" for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities.〔Bagemihl (1999) page 213〕 Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the ''Against Nature?'' exhibit stated "()any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles". Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.〔 Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sex, has been documented in about 500 species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.〔〔Harrold (1999)〕 Homosexuality in animals is seen as controversial by social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to morality.〔Solimeo (2004)〕〔Solimeo (2004b)〕 Animal preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. The correct usage of the term ''homosexual'' is that an animal ''exhibits homosexual behavior'', however this article conforms to the usage by modern research〔Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166〕〔Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183〕〔Vasey (1995) pages 173-204〕〔Sommer & Vasey (2006)〕 applying the term ''homosexuality'' to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex. This list is part of a larger list of animals displaying homosexual behavior including mammals, insects, fish etc. ==Selected images== Image:Sunken Gardens Chilean flamingoes.jpg|Chilean flamingoes eating, drinking, and preening in St. Petersburg, Florida; flamingos (as well as penguins and other species) sometimes form committed same-sex relationships that can involve sex, traveling and living together, and raising young together.〔Kick (2001)〕 Image:Manchot 01.jpg|Two New York Central Park Zoo's male chinstrap penguins, similar to those pictured, became internationally known when they became a couple and were given an egg that needed hatching and care, which they successfully did.〔 Image:Coq de roche.jpg|Male Guianan cock-of-the-rock, distributed in the mountainous regions of Guyana, eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana and northern Amazonian Brazil, "delight in homosexuality" with almost 40 percent engaging in a form of homosexual activity and a small percentage never copulating with females.〔Bagemihl (1999) page 566-569〕〔Imaginova (2007i)〕 Image:Black Swans.jpg|The black swan, ''Cygnus atratus'' is a large waterbird which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia. An estimated one-quarter of all black swans pairings are homosexual and they steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs.〔Goudarzi (2006)〕〔Imaginova (2007f)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of birds displaying homosexual behavior」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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